Epidemiological and Molecular Characterization of Hepatitis B Virus in Pakistan: Prevalence, Genotypes, and Clinical Factors

Abstract

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major public health challenge globally, with high 
prevalence rates in regions such as Pakistan. Despite significant advances, comprehensive 
studies on HBV prevalence, genotypes, and clinical correlates in Pakistan are limited. This 
study aims to analyze the prevalence, genotypic diversity, and clinical characteristics of 
HBV in Pakistan, with a focus on demographic factors, treatment responses, and adverse 
effects. Data were extracted from electronic health records and included age, gender, BMI, 
disease duration, smoking status, and HBV markers (HBsAg, HBeAg, HBeAb, HBcIgM, 
HBsAb). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, R, Python, and Excel, including 
descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and comparative tests. The study population had 
a mean age of 45.3 years and a near-equal gender distribution. The overall prevalence of 
HBsAg was 1.85%, with 21.62% positive for HBeAg, indicating active infection. The 
mean BMI was 27.5, and the average disease duration was 12.7 years. Smoking prevalence 
was 35%. Systemic treatments showed slightly better responses compared to topical 
treatments. Adverse effects were predominantly mild (45%), with 15% experiencing 
severe effects. The findings reveal significant insights into the HBV epidemiology in 
Pakistan, including genotypic diversity and clinical factors. The results highlight the need 
for targeted public health interventions, improved vaccination strategies, and tailored 
treatment approaches to address the HBV burden effectively. Further research is needed 
to explore the regional variations in HBV genotypes and their impact on disease 
progression and treatment outcomes.